Introduction Regularity and spatial order are naturally appealing to humans. The way the physical environment was developed during the palaeolithic and neolithic periods. This is evident in Greece, Rome, America, Russia, Germany, Italy, and Egypt, where physical environment was planned out of social control and religious discipline concomitantly with peace and affluence (Akkerman, 2019). Nigeria is not an exception to this rule, as the physical environment has been ordered from time immemorial, long before colonial rule (Nasidi, 2024). Communal land was vested in such community heads as Obis, Obongs, Obas and Emirs, while family land was vested in family heads whose legal status was that of a trustee (Daramola, 2019).

The traditional rulers allocated, re-allocated, and supervised land by their subject and administration and control of the total environment was the joint administrative responsibility of the entire community (Wahab, 2017; Oluwadare, 2012; Maseko, 2016 ). It has been proven that the Yoruba tribe in Southwestern Nigeria had a distinctive style of physical environment organisation in the pre-colonial era. A quick glance at the ancient towns reveals that they had a centre where the king’s palace. Markets were located at the centre of settlement for administration and commerce. The homes of the chiefs, who are ranked above the other locals and farmlands, are located near the centre. Each family received services and crafts identified with them as well as provided a way that promoted decentralisation (Babatola, 2020; UN-Habitat, 2012).

The chief warrior’s residence is purposefully and strategically placed on the town’s outskirts to protect the indigenes from external threats. Actions were geared towards a clear direction for economy and convenience (Babatola, 2020). Physical planning is an inclusive and systematic process Abstract This study examined the developers’ sources of awareness and indication of compliance with physical planning regulations in Southwestern Nigeria. Two types of data were obtained for the study. These are primary and secondary data. The primary data used for the study were generated from field survey through quantitative and qualitative techniques. Lagos and Osun States will be randomly selected from the two planning administration systems in South Western States.

This research work therefore utilized 0.5% of the household size in the selected local governments which translates to a sample size of 2,682 persons. Both descriptive statistics and inferential tools were utilised for the study. The findings revealed that 64.3% were aware when seeking building approval while 35.7% stated otherwise; 32.3% were aware through contravention and stop work notices while 67.7% stated otherwise; 41.7% were aware through mass media while 58.3% stated otherwise; 23.8% were aware through building collapse while 76.2% stated otherwise; 47.5% were through outdoor billboard while 52.5% stated otherwise; 41.4% were aware through enlightenment campaign while 58.6% stated otherwise; 40.7% were aware through friends and neigbour while 59.3% stated otherwise; 37.6% were aware through demolition notices while 62.4% stated otherwise; 26.5% were aware through demolition exercise while 73.5% stated otherwise; and 23.2% were aware through conflict resolution while 76.2% stated otherwise.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that stakeholders in physical planning administration were distributed across the offices of the MDAs in Lagos State, Ondo State and Osun State. Keywords : Physical, Planning, Compliance, Regulations, Administration. that provides the framework for enhancing the quality of the environment and its residents (Owolabi, 2019). Physical planning, in a broader sense, entails balancing the provision of land use, the right to use land, development control duties, the provision and location of facilities, the preservation of services and goods, the protection and conservation of resources, as well as the preservation of heritage ( Falade, 2011, Owolabi, 2019). Physical planning administration is in charge of controling the use of land in metropolitan areas and formulating policies for physical planning (Owolabi, 2019; Umezurike, 2015).

In order to attain environmental harmony, one of the main duties of the government is to ensure a high-quality environment where people can live, work, and have fun. It also has control over its citizens’ physical development activities (Olujimi, 1993; Abubakar et al., 2022). Government involvement at various levels must create a practical framework for the management of physical planning within their territorial purview in order to accomplish this. The fact that physical planning administration concerns in Nigeria are ineffectively handled, gives way to uncoordinated land uses, overcrowding, pressure on existing infrastructural facilities, environmental deterioration among others (Umezurike, 2015). These problems have plagued not only Nigerian cities, but also rural areas and have developed into complicated issues with long-term repercussions.

ThemodernPlanningadministrationinNigeriastartedwiththe advent of colonialism and independence. Among various laws and ordinances enacted for the part and whole of the country are 1863 Township Improvement Ordinance, Cantonment Proclamation of 1904, Township Ordinance No. 29 of 1917 and Nigerian Town and Country Planning Ordinance No. 4 of 1946. Others are: Land use Act of 1978, Urban Development Policy of 1992, Urban and Regional Planning CAP of 1992 and was further amended as Decree no. 18 of 1999, Housing and Urban Development Policy of 2002. Also at various state levels, several planning laws were promulgated to guide land administration. Example of such state laws is Lagos State Urban and Regional Planning and Development law, 2010.

However, Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Law is yet to be domesticated in virtually all States of the federation apart from Lagos and Ogun states. Effective planning administration considers the safeguarding, regulation, conservation, and distribution of land in a way that serves the interests of the entire community, both the present and future generations. It also controls the type of buildings that are constructed and how they are arranged to maximize utility and aesthetic appeal (Enoguanbhor et al, 2021). It is crucial to stress that the Nigerian Town and Country Planning Ordinance No. 4 of 1946 gave planning administration a legal framework in Nigeria. Through the laws, there were administrative agencies such as the Town Planning Division of the Ministry of Lands and Housing and Town Planning Authorities (TPAs).

The agencies were given the power to control and guide orderly development of the settlements within their jurisdiction. Physical planning problems were not completely eliminated despite numerous techniques and laws that were developed to address the country’s administrative concerns. This is corroborated by Abiodun et al. (2018); Okongwu and Imoisi (2010)thattheapplicationofthelawswhilelimitedtothestates in which they were operative is still confronted with several challenges. This is why Oyesiku, (2010) noted that physical planning administration in Nigeria is not creating spatially effective, functionally efficient and aesthetically pleasing settlement because of the enormous challenges confronting it. This study therefore this study examined the developers’ sources of awareness and indication of compliance with physical planning regulations in Southwestern Nigeria Overview Of The Study Area The Southwest Geo-Political Zone There are six (6) states in Nigeria’s South-West geopolitical region: Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Ekiti, Lagos, and Ogun States (Figure 1).

One hundred thirty-seven (137) Local Government Areas make up the zone (LGAs). There are twenty (20) LGAs in Lagos state, twenty (20) in Ogun state, twenty (20) in Ekiti state, thirty (30) in Osun state, thirty-three (33) in Oyo, and eighteen (18) in Ondo state. According to the 2006 population census, there are around thirty-eight (38) million people living in the entire region. Other than agriculture, which serves as the primary source of economic activity for the majority of rural communities, the region is renowned for its commerce and trading activities, with a preponderance of indigenous micro, small, and medium-sized businesses engaged in manufacturing, fabrication, and the production of agriculturally related goods.

Because the area is blessed with fertile terrain, agriculture does quite well there. Yam, cassava, cocoyam, and maize are the principal food crops farmed in the region, while rubber, cocoa, bananas, and different fruits are the cash crops. The region is endowed with abundant natural resources and solid minerals, including granite, crude oil, sandstone, lignite, kaolin, clay, coal, tin, and others. Southwest geopolitical zone has a humid tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons and is situated close to the upper edge of the tropical hinterland climate region. The dry season generally lasts from November to February, whereas the wet season typically lasts from March to October. The North-East (NE) trade wind dominates during the dry season whereas the South-Westerly wind rules during the wet season.

About 80% of the time, relative humidity is the norm. There is rainfall for about eight months of the year and annual rainfall figure ranges from 1200 to 1500 mm per annum, peaking in the month of September. About 1,300mm of rain falls on the average, each year. With multiple maxima in June/July and September/October, rainfall is primarily cyclonic. Convectional rainfall is also frequent as a result of the high solar radiation intensity and high humidity levels. The average annual temperature ranges from 27 to 32 degrees Celsius, with the highest temperature being recorded in April. The southwest of Nigeria saw the advent of physical planning. It started after Lagos saw an epidemic of the bubonic plague in July 1924.

As a result, the first law was passed to improve cleanliness and keep the public and colonial rulers’ quarters apart. Several regulations that govern planning in the south-western region of the country and Nigeria have developed since this time. Source: Gifsola Consults, 2023 States under consideration Lagos, Ondo and Osun states have been chosen as case study (Fig. 2). The three states that serve as a case study for the research area’s physical planning administrative processes were evaluated. Yoruba is the primary language spoken in the states, though there are numerous varieties even within a single state. The two separate seasons in Nigeria—the dry season (December to February) and the rainy season (March to November)—have an impact on the weather in the three states (November - February).

The harmattan dust is also brought by the dry season, which is when chilly, dry winds from the northern deserts blow towards the southern regions. Figure 1. Showing Nigeria Inset South Western States. Source: Gifsola Consults, 2023 Figure 2. Lagos, Ondo and Osun States in the Context of SouthWestern, Nigeria. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Two types of data were obtained for the study. These are primary and secondary data. The primary data used for the study were generated from field survey through quantitative and qualitative techniques. The quantitative data were got through the use of two sets of structured questionnaire which served as instrument of data collection in the study area. The first set of questionnaire was for the government officials in the Physical Planning Institutions: Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs).

Equally, the second set of questionnaire was used to harvest data from the residents on socio economic attributes, planning mechanism, residents’ perception on the administrative practices for the enforcement of physical planning regulations as well as awareness and compliance to physical planning regulations. For the qualitative technique, information was sourced through oral interview with a guide. This involves relevant stakeholders, majorly allied professionals in physical planning administration. Secondary data were extracted from the urban and regional planning laws, development plans of the cities, documentary and records of planning agencies, journals books and internet. Data extracted were majorly the financial contribution of Government as capital votes and the ones released for the implementation of physical planning.

Maps and estimated number of houses as well as population figures were also obtained from secondary sources. The South West region comprising of Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ondo and Ekiti is selected for this study because it is the most urbanized of all the geo-political regions in Nigeria (Nwaka, 2005). Adeyemi (2016) revealed that administration of physical planning in Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and Ekiti States is close due to its centralized planning system, while in Oyo and Osun States still operate Local Planning Authority System. Lagos and Osun States will be randomly selected from the two planning administration systems in South Western States. The unit of analysis for this study was households.

Systematic sampling technique was used to select houses. Structured questionnaire was administered to the household head notably, the landlord. In case the landlord is unavailable, the questionnaire will be administered to tenant who has been resident in the house for a considerable number of years. This technique requires the selection of every kth case from a population list in a systematic manner. This research work therefore utilized 0.5% of the household size in the selected local governments which translates to a sample size of 2,682 persons as shown in table 3.10. Information obtained among others are socio economic characteristics of the developers and residents but as well as their perception on how physical planning administration affect level of enforcement and compliance to existing planning laws in the study areas.

Both descriptive statistics and inferential tools were utilised for the study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Socio-Economic Attributes of Stakeholders in Physical Planning Administration Analysis of the socio-economic attributes of stakeholders (physical planning administrators and developers) is presented in this section. The socio-economic characteristics include gender, age, religion, income, marital status, highest level of education, and years of experience. These socioeconomic variables are being considered for discussion because of their imperative in evaluating people’s perception on any subject, including physical planning administration (Sjoberg, 2000; Somja, 2013; Daramola & Olowoporoku, 2016). In particular, some other studies such as Arimah and Adeagbo (2000), Kuen-Tsing (2005), Alnsour and Meaton (2009) and Offiong (2014) have established the influence of socioeconomic characteristics on physical planning administration and compliance level.

The socioeconomic characteristics of these stakeholders are presented in terms of those that are employees of the physical planning agencies (and their distributions across the states) and those that are developers in the study area. However, this section is on analysis and interpretation of data collected on the developers’ sources of awareness of physical planning regulations and to indicate whether they have complied with the regulations in southwestern Nigeria, with particular reference to the states under consideration (Lagos, Ondo and Osun States). Developers’ Sources of Awareness and Indication of Compliance with Physical Planning Regulations in Lagos State As contained in Table 1, findings revealed how the respondents became aware of physical planning regulations in their locality or area based on the “Yes” or “No” responses of the respondents.

The findings revealed that 64.3% were aware when seeking building approval while 35.7% stated otherwise; 32.3% were aware through contravention and stop work notices while 67.7% stated otherwise; 41.7% were aware through mass media while 58.3% stated otherwise; 23.8% were aware through building collapse while 76.2% stated otherwise; 47.5% were through outdoor billboard while 52.5% stated otherwise; 41.4% were aware through enlightenment campaign while 58.6% stated otherwise; 40.7% were aware through friends and neigbour while 59.3% stated otherwise; 37.6% were aware through demolition notices while 62.4% stated otherwise; 26.5% were aware through demolition exercise while 73.5% stated otherwise; and 23.2% were aware through conflict resolution while 76.2% stated otherwise. Further findings showed that 74.8% of the respondents had prepared a building plan, while 25.2% had not done so.

The findings also inquired about how those who obtained approval did so and it was discovered that 36.7% contracted with the architect, 45.2 contracted with the town planner, 10.4% obtained approval by themselves, 7.5% obtained approval by using a bricklayer as a middleman, and the remaining 0.2% obtained approval through other means. The respondents’ findings regarding compliance with physical planning regulations show that 64.8% have adequate compliance with setbacks, while 35.2% have inadequate compliance with setbacks. The majority (66.5%) complied with the observance of the building line, 76.9% complied with the adequacy of the airspace, and 87.7% complied with building accessibility. In terms of building accessibility, 87.0% of buildings were accessible by road, while 11.6% were accessible by footpath.

The majority of the sampled buildings (85.1%) complied with zoning regulations, while 14.9% did not. Table 1. Developers’ Sources of Awareness and Indication of Compliance with Physical Planning Regulations in Lagos State. Variables Frequency Percentage (%) When seeking building approval Yes 780 64.3 No 434 35.7 Total 1214 100.0 Contravention and stop work notices Yes 392 32.3 No 822 67.7 Total 1214 100.0 Mass media Yes 506 41.7 No 708 58.3 Total 1214 100.0 Building collapse Yes 289 23.8 No 925 76.2 Total 1214 100.0 Outdoor billboard Yes 577 47.5 No 637 52.5 Total 1214 100.0 Enlightenment campaign Yes 503 41.4 No 711 58.6 Total 1214 100.0 Friend/neighbour Yes 494 40.7 No 720 59.3 Total 1214 100.0 Demolition notices Yes 457 37.6 No 757 62.4 Total 1214 100.0 Demolition exercise Yes 322 26.5 No 892 73.5 Total 1214 100.0 Conflict resolution Yes 282 23.2 No 932 76.8 Total 1214 100.0 Did you prepare a building plan Yes 908 74.8 No 306 25.2 Total 1214 100.0 If obtain approval how did you do it?

Contract it to Architect 446 36.7 Town planner 336 45.2 Obtained the approval by self 126 10.4 A bricklayer acted as middle man 91 7.5 Others 2 .2 Total 1214 100.0 Compliance with setback Adequate 787 64.8 Inadequate 427 35.2 Total 1214 100.0 Observant of building line Yes 807 66.5 No 407 33.5 Total 1214 100.0 Adequacy of airspace Yes 933 76.9 No 281 23.1 Total 1214 100.0 Building accessibility Yes 1065 87.7 No 149 12.2 Total 1214 100.0 Means of building accessibility Road 1056 87.0 Footpath 158 11.6 Total 1214 100.0 Building in line with zoning regulations Yes 1033 85.1 No 181 14.9 Total 1214 100.0 Source: Author’s Fieldwork, 2024 Residents’ Sources of Awareness and Indication of Compliance with Physical Planning Regulations in Ondo State Table 2 illustrates the means by which respondents gained awareness of physical planning regulation in their own location or area.

The results indicated that 52.1% of the participants demonstrated awareness. When seeking building approval, 47.9% of respondents indicated that they were not aware of the process. However, 48.5% were informed through contravention and stop work notices. Similarly, 51.5% stated that they were not aware of these notices. Additionally, 42.2% became aware through mass media, while 57.8% did not. Furthermore, 29.5% learned about building approval through building collapse incidents, while 70.5% did not. Similarly, 30.8% were informed through outdoor billboards, while 69.2% stated otherwise. The results on whether the respondents prepared a building plan indicated that 66.9% of them did, while 33.1% did not. The study investigated the methods used by individuals to obtain approval.

It was found that 64.2% of them contracted directly with the architect, 17.2% contracted with the town planner, 9.0% obtained approval independently, 5.5% used a bricklayer as a middleman, and the remaining 4.1% used alternative methods to obtain approval. Table 2. Developers’ Sources of Awareness and Indication of Compliance with Physical Planning Regulations in Ondo State. Variables Frequency Percentage (%) When seeking building approval Yes 527 52.1 No 484 47.9 Total 1011 100.0 Contravention and stop work notices Yes 490 48.5 No 521 51.5 Total 1011 100.0 Mass media Yes 427 42.2 No 584 57.8 Total 1011 100.0 Building collapse Yes 298 29.5 No 713 70.5 Total 1011 100.0 Outdoor billboard Yes 311 30.8 No 700 69.2 Total 1011 100.0 Enlightenment campaign Yes 223 22.1 No 788 77.9 Total 1011 100.0 Friend/neighbour Yes 428 42.3 No 583 57.7 Total 1011 100.0 Demolition notices Yes 334 33.0 No 677 67.0 Total 1011 100.0 Demolition exercise Yes 293 29.0 No 718 71.0 Total 1011 100.0 Conflict resolution Yes 242 23.9 No 769 76.1 Total 1011 100.0 Did you prepare a building plan Yes 676 66.9 No 335 33.1 Total 1011 100.0 If obtain approval how did you do it?

contract it to Architect 649 64.2 Town planner 174 17.2 obtained the approval by self 91 9.0 a bricklayer acted as middle man 56 5.5 Others 41 4.1 Total 1011 100.0 Compliance with setback Adequate 823 81.4 Inadequate 188 14.1 Total 1011 100.0 Observant of building line Yes 794 78.5 No 217 21.4 Total 1011 100.0 Adequacy of airspace Yes 840 83.1 No 171 17.0 Total 1011 100.0 Building accessibility Yes 931 92.1 No 80 8.0 Total 1011 100.0 Means of building accessibility Road 868 85.9 Footpath 143 14.2 Total 1011 100.0 Building in line with zoning regulations Yes 734 72.6 No 277 27.4 Total 1011 100.0 Source: Author’s Fieldwork, 2024 The results indicated that 81.4% of the respondents comply adequately with physical planning laws for setbacks, while 14.1% have insufficient compliance with setbacks.

78.5% of individuals adhered to the requirement of maintaining the building line, 83.1% adhered to the requirement of having sufficient airspace, and 92.1% adhered to the requirement of ensuring building accessibility. In terms of building accessibility, 85.9% of the buildings could be accessed by road, while 14.2% were accessible by walk. 72.6% of the buildings that were sampled adhered to the zoning laws, while 27.4% did not comply. Residents’ Sources of Awareness and Indication of Compliance with Physical Planning Regulations in Osun State Table 3 shows how the respondents became aware of physical planning regulations in their locality or area. The findings revealed that 74.0% were aware. When seeking building approval while 26.0% stated otherwise , 77.0 % were aware through contravention and stop work notices while 23.0% stated other wise, 45.1% were aware through mass media while 54.9% stated other wise, 37.2% were aware though building collapse while 62.8.% stated other wise, 40.5% were through outdoor billboard while 59.5% stated other wise, 40.7% were aware through enlightenment campaign while 59.3% stated other wise, 52.1% were aware through friends and neigbours while 47.9% stated other wise, 38.9% were aware through demolition notices while 61.1% stated other wise, 35.2% were aware through demolition exercise while 64.8% stated other wise and 39.2% were aware through conflict resolution while 60.8% stated otherwise.

The findings on whether the respondents prepared a building plan revealed that 67.8% of the respondents did, while 32.6% did not prepare a building plan. The findings further inquired about how those who obtained approval did so: 45.7% contracted with the architect, 38.7% contracted with the town planner, 9.4% obtained the approval by themselves, 5.5% obtained approval by using a bricklayer as a middleman, and the remaining 1.3% obtained approval through other means. Table 3. Developers’ Sources of Awareness and Indication of Compliance with Physical Planning Regulations in Osun State. Variables Frequency Percentage (%) When seeking building approval Yes 338 74.0 No 119 26.0 Total 457 100.0 Contravention and stop work notices Yes 352 77.0 No 105 23.0 Total 457 100.0 Mass media Yes 206 45.1 No 251 54.9 Total 457 100.0 Building collapse Yes 170 37.2 No 287 62.8 Total 457 100.0 Outdoor billboard Yes 185 40.5 No 272 59.5 Total 457 100.0 Enlightenment campaign Yes 186 40.7 No 271 59.3 Total 457 100.0 Friend/neighbour Yes 238 52.1 No 219 47.9 Total 457 100.0 Demolition notices Yes 178 38.9 No 279 61.1 Total 457 100.0 Demolition exercise Yes 161 35.2 No 296 64.8 Total 457 100.0 Conflict resolution Yes 179 39.2 No 278 60.8 Total 457 100.0 Did you prepare a building plan Yes 310 67.8 No 147 32.6 Total 457 100.0 If obtain approval how did you do it?

contract it to Architect 154 45.7 Town planner 177 38.7 obtained the approval by self 43 9.4 a bricklayer acted as middle man 25 5.5 Others 6 1.3 Total 457 100.0 Compliance with setback Adequate 389 85.1 Inadequate 68 14.9 Total 457 100.0 Observant of building line Yes 382 83.6 No 75 16.4 Total 457 100.0 Adequacy of airspace Yes 423 92.6 No 34 7.4 Total 457 100.0 Building accessibility Yes 437 95.6 No 20 4.4 Total 457 99.1 Means of building accessibility Road 390 85.3 Footpath 67 14.7 Total 457 100.0 Building in line with zoning regulations Yes 198 44.3 No 259 56.7 Total 457 100.0 Source: Author’s Fieldwork, 2024 The findings as regards compliance with physical planning regulations by the respondents indicate that 85.1% have adequate compliance with setbacks, while 14.9% have inadequate compliance with setbacks.

The majority (83.6%) complied with the observance of the building line, 92.6% complied with the adequacy of airspace, and 95.6% complied with building accessibility. As regards the means of building accessibility, 85.3% of the buildings were accessible by road, while 14.7% were accessible by footpath. The majority of the sampled building 56.7% did not comply with zoning regulations, while 44.3% complied with zoning regulations.

Conclusion Based on the findings, it can be concluded that stakeholders in physical planning administration were distributed across the offices of the MDAs in Lagos State, Ondo State and Osun State. Also, these MDAs include the federal government offices located in the states; the planning agencies owned by and location in the states, and the departments of local of government areas that are under consideration. Also, these stakeholders were of varying socioeconomic characteristics but they had what it takes to provide valuable information for this research. Against this background of the respondents and based on the findings from the study, the following recommendations are made: i. The legal and administrative frameworks of physical planning administration in southwestern Nigeria comprise the laws used in the administration of physical planning in Lagos, Ondo, and Osun states.

These include the Urban and Regional Planning Law (Decree No.88) of 1992. However, the law has not been domesticated and implemented in Ondo and Osun States. Other legislations are the Land Use Decree No. 6 of 1978, the Nigerian Building Code and National and State Environmental Law representing respectively. ii. Government is the major financial driver of the physical planning projects through a combination of budget allocations, grants, partnerships, international aid, revenue generation mechanisms, and specialized financing vehicles. By investing in urban development and infrastructure, governments aim to promote sustainable growth, improve living standards, and enhance the overall quality of life for residents in the region. iii. The level of financial contribution of government towards physical planning projects determines the level of implementation of physical planning activities in the study area.

iv. The determinants of residents’ and developers’ awareness of physical planning administrative practices in southwestern Nigeria are their socioeconomic characteristics such as gender, age, years of education, income, and length of stay in the area. v. The socio-economic attributes of the developers in the study area had strong impacts on the level of compliance with development control significantly in the study area.

REFERENCES

1. Little M, Zivot C, Humphries S, Dodd W, Patel K, Dewey C. Burden and determinants of anemia in a rural population in south India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Anemia. 2018;2018.

2. Tesfaye TS, Tessema F, Jarso H. Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factors Among “Apparently Healthy” Urban and Rural Residents in Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of blood medicine. 2020;11:89.

3. Kant S, Kumar R, Malhotra S, Kaur R, Haldar P. Prevalence and determinants of anemia among adult males in a rural area of Haryana, India. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2019;9(2):128.

4. Mugisha JO, Baisley K, Asiki G, Seeley J, Kuper H. Prevalence, types, risk factors and clinical correlates of anemia in older people in a rural Ugandan population. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e78394.

5. Haile K, Yemane T, Tesfaye G, Wolde D, Timerga A, Haile A. Anemia and its association with Helicobacter pylori infection among adult dyspeptic patients attending Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammad Memorial Referral Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. PloS one. 2021;16(1):e0245168.

6. Tegegne K, Assefa A, Tegegne E, Tessema M. Magnitude of Anemia and Socio Demographic Factors Associated with it among Adults Age 15-49 Years In Ethiopia: A Population Based Study Using the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey Data. J Trop Dis. 2021;9:275.

7. Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS. Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low and middle income countries. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences. 2019;1450(1):15-31.

8. Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F, et al. Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health. 2013;1(1):e16-e25.

9. Balarajan Y, Ramakrishnan U, Özaltin E, Shankar AH, Subramanian S. Anaemia in low-income and middleincome countries. The lancet. 2011;378(9809):2123-35.

10. Ghose B, Yaya S. Fruit and vegetable consumption and anemia among adult non-pregnant women: Ghana demographic and health survey. PeerJ. 2018;6:e4414.

11. Campbell A, Cong Z, Agodoa I, Song X, Martinez DJ, Black D, et al. The economic burden of end-organ damage among Medicaid patients with sickle cell disease in the United States: a population-based longitudinal claims study. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy. 2020;26(9):1121-9.

12. Milman N. Anemia—still a major health problem in many parts of the world! Annals of hematology. 2011;90(4):369-77.

13. Nazari M, Mohammadnejad E, Dalvand S, Gheshlagh RG. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in Iranian children under 6 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of blood medicine. 2019;10:111.

14. Tadesse AW, Hemler EC, Andersen C, Passarelli S, Worku A, Sudfeld CR, et al. Anemia prevalence and etiology among women, men, and children in Ethiopia: a study protocol for a national population-based survey. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1-8.

15. Tesfaye TS, Tessema F, Jarso H. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among “apparently healthy” urban and rural residents in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. Journal of Blood Medicine. 2020:89-96.

16. Nithyashri J, Kulanthaivel G, editors. Classification of human age based on Neural Network using FG-NET Aging database and Wavelets. 2012 Fourth International Conference on Advanced Computing (ICoAC); 2012: IEEE.

17. Graham FJ, Masini G, Pellicori P, Cleland JG, Greenlaw N, Friday J, et al. Natural history and prognostic significance of iron deficiency and anaemia in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2022;24(5):807-17.

18. Badireddy M, Baradhi KM, Wilhite Hughes A. Chronic Anemia (Nursing). 2021.

19. Sufyan DL, Wahyuningsih U. Adequate fruit and vegetable consumption and its association with overnutrition among primary school-aged children. AcTion: Aceh Nutrition Journal. 2023;8(3):331-8.

20. Machado ÍE, Malta DC, Bacal NS, Rosenfeld LGM. Prevalence of anemia in Brazilian adults and elderly. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia. 2019;22.

21. Mengesha MB, Dadi GB. Prevalence of anemia among adults at Hawassa University referral hospital, Southern Ethiopia. BMC hematology. 2019;19:1-7.

22. Ismail IM, Kahkashan A, Antony A, Sobhith V. Role of socio-demographic and cultural factors on anemia in a tribal population of North Kerala, India. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2017;3(5):1183-8.

23. Kamruzzaman M, Rabbani MG, Saw A, Sayem MA, Hossain MG. Differentials in the prevalence of anemia among non-pregnant, ever-married women in Bangladesh: multilevel logistic regression analysis of data from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. BMC women’s health. 2015;15:1-8.

24. Adewoyin A, Bazuaye G, Enabudoso E. Burden of anaemia among In-and Out-Patients at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Pathology Vol. 2014;5(2):100.

25. Kindie E, Getachew M, Abebaw A, Yihunie W, Biyazin Y, Tegegne BA, et al. Magnitude of anemia and associated factors among adult patients at Baso Liben District: a cross-sectional study. Expert Review of Hematology. 2022:1-6.

26. Takem EN, Achidi EA, Ndumbe PM. An update of malaria infection and anaemia in adults in Buea, Cameroon. BMC research notes. 2010;3(1):1-8.

27. Omarine Nlinwe N, Nange TB. Assessment of hematological parameters in malaria, among adult patients attending the Bamenda Regional Hospital. Anemia. 2020;2020:1-8.

28. Aliyo A, Jibril A. Anemia and Associated Factors Among Under Five Year Old Children Who Attended Bule Hora General Hospital in West Guji zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Blood Medicine. 2022:395-406.

29. Kindie E, Getachew M, Abebaw A, Yihunie W, Biyazin Y, Tegegne BA, et al. Magnitude of anemia and associated factors among adult patients at Baso Liben District: a cross-sectional study. Expert Review of Hematology. 2023;16(1):75-80.

30. Alamneh YM, Akalu TY, Shiferaw AA, Atnaf A. Magnitude of anemia and associated factors among children aged 6–59 months at Debre Markos referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Italian Journal of Pediatrics. 2021;47:1-10.

31. Tarekegn B, Tamene A. Clinical and laboratory profiles of visceral leishmaniasis among adult patients admitted to Felege Hiwot Hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. SAGE Open Medicine. 2021;9:20503121211036787.

32. Waye BG, Gurara AM, Awoke KS. Prevalence of Anemia and Associated Factor Among Pregnant Women Attending Ante Natal Care in Arba Minch Public Health Institutions, South Ethiopia. World. 2020;5(4):76-83.