Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) Waste Management In Coastal Areas Of Sebatik Island : Challenges And Solutions At The Indonesia- Malaysia Border. Dara Aisyah a ,*, Junaidi Awang Besar b , Novel Anak Lyndon c , Elisa Julianti d , Muhammad Sontang Sihotang e . a Public Administration Science, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Dokter Mansyur Streets, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. b Programme of Geography, Social and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Lingkungan Ilmu, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. c Anthropology and Sociology, Social and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Lingkungan Ilmu, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. d Agricultural Technology, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Dokter Mansyur Streets, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. e Fisika, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Dokter Mansyur Streets, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. *Corresponding author Muhammad sontang sihotang , Fisika, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Dokter Mansyur Streets, Medan, Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. Email : muhammad.sontang@usu.ac.id Received Date : November 29, 2024 Accepted Date : November 30, 2024 Published Date : January 04, 2025 Copyright © 2024 Muhammad sontang sihotang. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Background: The coastal area of Sebatik Island (Pulau), located at the Indonesia-Malaysia border, faces significant challenges in waste management due to high levels of domestic activities, fisheries, and cross-border trade. The current waste management policies do not specifically address the coastal areas, which are now facing poverty and are geographically isolated from government centers. Previous research has highlighted the poor waste management in coastal areas, leading to economic losses, health risks, and increased poverty.This part of the abstract introduces the problem: waste management in Sebatik Island is inadequate, which impacts both the environment and local communities. It also points out the gap in existing policies and references prior studies that have highlighted the negative effects of poor waste management. Materials and Methods: This study aims to identify and analyze waste management patterns based on the existing zoning and their impact on the coastal environment. The focus is on three types of waste: organic, inorganic, and hazardous waste. The methodology includes descriptive analysis, participatory mapping, and exploratory methods to understand the existing conditions and the potential space- use conflicts caused by uncoordinated waste management. It also seeks to assess the policies used by the government to promote strategies in planning and implementing coastal waste management programs. Data collection methods include socio-economic surveys and needs analysis, involving 159 respondents from eight coastal villages on Sebatik Island, Indonesia-Malaysia border. This part outlines the approach used in the study: a mix of descriptive analysis, participatory mapping, and exploratory methods. The study focuses on three main types of waste: organic, inorganic, and hazardous. It also describes the data collection methods, which include socio-economic surveys with 159 respondents across 8 coastal villages. Results: The study shows that waste in this region is concentrated in three main zones: organic waste dominates in the domestic zone (500 kg/day), while hazardous waste is significant in both the small industrial and trading zones, and inorganic waste is highest in the coastal trading zone (700 kg/ day). Each zone has unique waste characteristics. The findings also reveal that waste management in Sebatik Island still faces significant challenges, including a lack of clear regulations and collaboration between stakeholders. In the Results, the study reveals that waste is concentrated in Research Article 1www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) specific areas of the island: Domestic zones produce a high amount of organic waste, Small industrial and coastal trading zones have significant hazardous waste, The coastal trading zones generate the highest amount of inorganic waste.It also points out the ongoing challenges, such as the lack of regulation and coordination between different stakeholders involved in waste management. Conclusion: To improve environmental sustainability, this study recommends the development of zoned waste treatment facilities, environmental education programs, and frameworks for cross-border cooperation. The research provides a strategic plan and hopes to offer recommendations for responsive, accountable waste management, particularly in the development of zoned waste treatment facilities. The waste management zoning is divided into three areas: coastal settlements, port areas, and mangrove conservation areas. In the Conclusion, the study suggests strategies to improve waste management, such as:Developing zoned waste treatment facilities, Implementing environmental education programs,Establishing cross-border cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia to address waste issues effectively. Keywords : waste governance, waste zoning, coastal environment, Sebatik Island, Indonesia-Malaysia border. INTRODUCTION Waste management in coastal areas is becoming an important issue along with population growth and economic development in the region. In Indonesia, particularly on Sebatik Island, located on the border with Malaysia, waste management issues are increasingly complex. Sebatik Island, which has coastal areas rich in biodiversity and sensitive ecosystems, faces increasing volumes of waste generated from various sectors such as residential, industrial, fisheries and agriculture. Waste that is not managed properly can have a negative impact on the environment, such as seawater pollution, damage to coastal habitats, and reduced quality of life for people who depend on these natural resources (Yulianto et al., 2020). The geographical condition of Sebatik Island, which is a small island in the Indonesia-Malaysia border region, further exacerbates waste management due to limited infrastructure and ineffective coordination between the two countries. Although there are environmental policies that regulate waste management, implementation in the field is still limited, both in Indonesia and Malaysia. Regulatory differences between the two countries are often a barrier to integrated waste management, which requires a cross-border approach (Rahman et al., 2021). In addition, communities living in border areas often do not have sufficient awareness of the importance of environmentally friendly waste management, which makes matters worse. Waste generated on Sebatik Island consists of various types, including domestic waste, industrial waste, fishery waste, as well as agricultural waste that generally contain materials harmful to the ecosystem. One of the main problems is the uncoordinated waste management between sectors and regions, and the lack of management facilities that suit local needs (Hadi et al., 2020). Therefore, it is important to develop a waste management strategy based on zoning, which considers the type of waste and its potential impact on the environment. This zoning will help identify areas that require special attention and design more efficient and sustainable management policies on Sebatik Island. From a social and ecological perspective, poor waste management on Sebatik Island threatens not only the sustainability of coastal ecosystems, but also the quality of life of communities that depend on coastal natural resources. Therefore, this research aims to analyze waste management in Sebatik Island based on coastal zoning, and identify challenges and opportunities in waste management in the Indonesia-Malaysia border area. Recommendations from this research are expected to provide effective solutions to improve sustainable waste management and enhance cross-border cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia in border waste management. The main objective of this research is to analyze waste management in Sebatik Island based on the zoning of the coastal area as well as the type of waste generated, with a focus on its impact on the environment and the sustainability of the coastal ecosystem. In detail, the objectives of this research are to: 1. Identify the types of waste generated in each zone on Sebatik Island, including domestic waste, industrial waste, fisheries waste and agricultural waste. This research aims to classify waste based on its source and material characteristics, which will help in determining a more appropriate management approach for each type of waste (Yulianto et al., 2020). 2. Analyzing the zoning of Sebatik Island’s coastal areas based on their vulnerability to the impacts of effluents. This research will identify areas that are more vulnerable to pollution, such as mangrove areas, coral reefs and other coastal ecosystems that are important habitats for biodiversity. This zoning approach is expected to provide a clear picture of waste management priorities based on environmental sensitivity (Hadi et al., 2020). 3. Assess the effectiveness of existing waste governance on Sebatik Island by evaluating the policies implemented, management infrastructure, and the level of community participation. This research will also identify challenges and barriers in the implementation of waste management in coastal areas, both from the Indonesian government Research Article 2www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) and the private sector (Rahman et al., 2021). 4. Suggest more sustainable waste management policy solutions in Sebatik Island, based on the results of the zoning and waste type analysis. These recommendations are expected to help policy makers and other stakeholders in designing more efficient policies in managing waste in coastal areas, as well as reducing the impact of pollution on the coastal environment (Sulastri et al., 2019). 5. Exploring the potential for cross-border cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia in terms of waste management in border areas. Given that Sebatik Island is located in a border area, this research also aims to analyze the potential for collaboration between the two countries in coordinated waste management, to prevent transboundary pollution and improve environmental conditions in the area (Rahman et al., 2021).With these objectives, this research is expected to make a significant contribution to more effective and sustainable waste management in Sebatik Island and become the basis for developing waste management policies based on zoning and cross-border cooperation. II. MATERIAL AND METHODS This section outlines the materials and methods used in the study to assess waste management practices based on zoning and types of waste on Sebatik Island, located in the coastal border area between Indonesia and Malaysia. The study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the existing waste management systems in the region and identify key factors influencing the generation, disposal, and management of waste. Furthermore, this research explores the role of zoning in waste management and examines the challenges and opportunities for improving waste management practices in a cross-border context. This study adopts a descriptive-qualitative research design with a case study approach, which allows for an in- depth analysis of waste management practices across different zones on Sebatik Island. Data collection is conducted by combining qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, with quantitative methods, such as survey data analysis. This mixed-methods approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of waste management by combining subjective perspectives from local stakeholders with objective data related to the types and volumes of waste generated. With a focus on human activities and environmental considerations, this methodology aims to provide practical recommendations for improving waste management strategies in coastal border areas, where differences in regulations and local practices often create unique challenges. The following sections provide a detailed description of the study design, study location, data collection methods, and analytical procedures employed in this research. Study Design This study adopts a descriptive-qualitative research design with a case study approach conducted in Sebatik Island, located in the coastal border region between Indonesia and Malaysia. This design was chosen with the aim of describing the existing waste management practices in the area and analyzing the impact of zoning on the diversity of waste types generated. Additionally, the design allows the researchers to identify challenges, policies, and potential solutions that can be applied to enhance waste management effectiveness in the region. The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative methods (such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions) and quantitative methods (including survey data analysis). The combination of these methods provides a more comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics of waste management in Sebatik Island, facilitating the exploration of both subjective insights from local stakeholders and objective data related to waste generation and disposal practices. Study Location This study was conducted on Sebatik Island, located in the coastal border area between Indonesia and Malaysia, specifically in the Sebatik subdistrict, Nunukan Regency, North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Sebatik Island consists of two parts: one portion belongs to Indonesia and the other part belongs to Malaysia, creating unique cross-border challenges in waste management for the region. The location was chosen due to its coastal characteristics, which make it vulnerable to the impacts of waste, particularly domestic waste, industrial waste, and waste generated by the fisheries sector. Sebatik is also known for its economic activities closely related to fishing and agriculture, which produce a variety of waste types, including both biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste such as plastics and chemicals. This location was selected as it offers a critical opportunity to explore how waste management can be optimized by taking into account environmental zoning factors, which may influence the types and amounts of waste generated across different areas of the island. Study Duration Januari 2024 to December 2024. Sample size: 159 respondents. Sample size calculation: As this study follows a descriptive and exploratory design, the sample size calculation is approached with flexibility. However, if a quantitative calculation is necessary for specific sample characteristics, the sample size is determined using Cochran’s formula for proportion Research Article 3www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) estimation, which is commonly used to calculate the minimum sample size in a large population: Where: • n o = required sample size • Z = Z value at the confidence level (typically 1.96 for a 95 % confidence level) • p = estimated proportion (in this case, it is assumed to be approximately 0.5 if no prior data is available) • E = acceptable margin of error (typically 0.05) For example, if the proportion of waste being properly managed is estimated to be 50 % (p=0.5) and the acceptable margin of error is 5 % (E=0.05), the minimum required sample size would be approximately 159 respondents. However, due to time and resource limitations, this study will utilize a smaller sample size based on a purposive and snowball sampling approach. This approach allows for more flexibility in selecting participants who have specific knowledge or involvement in waste management practices, ensuring that the sample represents key stakeholders, even if the sample size is smaller than the theoretically calculated minimum. Subjects & selection method The sample in this study consists of local coastal communities, particularly fishermen, who are involved in waste management. The selection of subjects was conducted using two main methods: Purposive Sampling This technique was used to select subjects who have specific knowledge or direct involvement in waste management, including: o Government stakeholders such as local government officials (village heads and village apparatus). o Waste managers or organizations responsible for waste management in the coastal area. Snowball Sampling This technique was used to identify key respondents who may be difficult to reach directly. After initial interviews with a few key individuals, they were asked to recommend others who are also involved in waste management in the region. This method is effective for accessing harder-to-reach groups, such as local fishermen or members of the community who are not formally registered in systems or records. The inclusion criteria for the study subjects are as follows: • Individuals or groups with knowledge and experience in waste management, whether domestic or industrial. • Respondents who are willing to participate in interviews or surveys. Subjects who do not meet these criteria or who are unwilling to participate in the study will be excluded from the sample. Inclusion criteria The inclusion criteria are the specific characteristics that participants must have to be eligible for inclusion in the study. These are as follows: 1. Knowledge and Experience in Waste Management: o Participants must have knowledge or experience related to waste management practices, including domestic, industrial, or fisheries-related waste, either through direct involvement or as a key stakeholder in the community. 2. Active Involvement in the Community: o Participants must be residents of Sebatik Island, particularly those engaged in waste management activities in coastal areas, such as local fishermen, community leaders, government officials, or waste management organizations. 3. Willingness to Participate: o Participants must be willing to provide informed consent and participate in the study, including interviews, surveys, and group discussions. 4. Age and Capacity: o Participants must be adults (18 years or older) and capable of understanding and answering the questions posed during the research. Exclusion Criteria The exclusion criteria define the characteristics that disqualify individuals from participating in the study. These are as follows: 1. Lack of Relevant Knowledge or Involvement: o Individuals who have no knowledge or involvement in waste management activities, including those who do not participate in community efforts related to waste disposal or recycling, will be excluded. 2. Non-Residents of Sebatik Island: o Individuals who do not reside in Sebatik Island or are not directly connected to the coastal areas of the island, including those who have little to no connection to the local community, will be excluded. 3. Unwillingness to Participate: o Any individual who refuses to participate in the study or withdraws consent during the data collection process will be excluded from the sample. 4. Incapacity to Participate: o Individuals who are physically or mentally unable to Research Article 4www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) participate in interviews or surveys (e.g., due to severe illness or disability) will not be included in the study. By establishing these inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study ensures that the sample is composed of individuals with relevant knowledge and experience, while also maintaining ethical standards regarding voluntary participation and informed consent. Procedure Methodology The research procedure for this study on Waste Management Based on Zoning and Waste Types in Sebatik Island, Indonesia- Malaysia Border Coastal Area was designed to ensure a comprehensive and systematic approach to data collection and analysis. The methodology follows a mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative techniques to explore the existing waste management practices in the region and the impact of environmental zoning on waste generation and disposal. The research procedure can be broken down into the following stages: 1. Preliminary Stage: Literature Review and Contextual Analysis • Objective: To understand the current state of waste management in coastal areas, particularly in border regions, and to assess relevant zoning practices. • Action: A thorough review of academic literature, government reports, and existing studies on waste management in similar coastal zones was conducted to gather secondary data. This included reviewing zoning regulations, waste management frameworks, and best practices from both Indonesia and Malaysia. • Outcome: This stage helped define the research gap, refine the research questions, and determine the key variables for investigation. 2. Study Area Selection and Initial Site Survey • Objective: To confirm the study location (Sebatik Island) and understand the local waste management context. • Action: A preliminary survey of Sebatik Island was conducted to familiarize with the geographical, social, and environmental characteristics of the study area. This included interviews with local community leaders, government representatives, and waste management stakeholders to gather baseline information. • Outcome: The survey confirmed that Sebatik Island, divided by the Indonesia-Malaysia border, has diverse waste management practices based on zoning regulations and varying waste types, making it a suitable location for the study. 3. Sampling and Participant Selection • Objective: To identify relevant stakeholders for data collection, including local fishermen, government officials, waste managers, and community members involved in waste management. • Action: Purposive sampling was used to select key participants based on their involvement in waste management activities. Snowball sampling was employed to identify additional respondents who were involved in waste management but might be harder to reach. • Outcome: A diverse sample was selected, consisting of individuals with varying expertise in waste management and representation from both Indonesia and Malaysia. 4. Data Collection: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods • Objective: To collect both qualitative and quantitative data related to waste management practices, zoning, and waste types on Sebatik Island. Qualitative Data Collection: • Action: In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with key stakeholders, including local fishermen, waste management authorities, and government representatives. The discussions explored perceptions of waste management practices, challenges, and the role of zoning in waste disposal and treatment. • Outcome: Qualitative data provided insights into the social, economic, and cultural factors influencing waste management practices. Quantitative Data Collection: • Action: A survey was designed and distributed to a larger sample of community members to assess the scope of waste generated, disposal practices, and awareness of environmental zoning policies. The survey included questions on waste generation patterns, types of waste produced (e.g., domestic, industrial, agricultural), and participation in waste management programs. • Outcome: Quantitative data helped quantify the extent of waste issues and validate the qualitative findings by measuring the prevalence of certain waste management behaviors and issues. 5. Data Analysis • Objective: To analyze both qualitative and quantitative data to identify key trends and patterns in waste management practices. Qualitative Data Analysis: • Action: Thematic analysis was applied to the interview and focus group data. Responses were coded based on recurring themes such as waste management challenges, the impact of zoning, and local knowledge of waste management regulations. Research Article 5www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) • Outcome: This analysis highlighted key barriers to effective waste management in Sebatik Island, including cross-border coordination issues and differences in regulations between Indonesia and Malaysia.

Quantitative Data Analysis: • Action: Survey data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to identify the distribution of waste types and disposal practices. Inferential statistics, such as chi- square tests, were used to explore associations between waste management practices and demographic factors (e.g., occupation, education level). • Outcome: The quantitative analysis provided empirical evidence of the scope and types of waste generated in Sebatik Island, validating qualitative findings and contributing to the understanding of waste patterns in relation to zoning. 6. Synthesis and Interpretation of Results • Objective: To synthesize both qualitative and quantitative findings into actionable insights and recommendations for improving waste management practices. • Action: The findings from both data sources were triangulated to create a comprehensive overview of the waste management situation in Sebatik Island. The results were interpreted within the context of environmental zoning, local regulations, and cross- border governance. • Outcome: The research identified key areas for improvement, such as the need for better cross-border coordination, increased community awareness, and more effective enforcement of waste management policies. 7. Recommendations and Policy Implications • Objective: To provide practical recommendations for improving waste management practices in Sebatik Island, with a focus on zoning and waste type considerations. • Action: Based on the research findings, recommendations were developed for local governments, waste management authorities, and community organizations. These recommendations addressed policy improvements, waste reduction strategies, and ways to enhance community participation in waste management. • Outcome: The study contributed to the formulation of strategies that could be implemented both at the local level (Sebatik Island) and in similar coastal-border regions facing cross-border waste management challenges. 8. Report Writing and Dissemination • Objective: To compile the research findings into a comprehensive report and disseminate it to relevant stakeholders. • Action: The findings were compiled into a detailed research report, highlighting the methodology, results, and recommendations. The report was shared with local governments, waste management agencies, and academic institutions. • Outcome: The research findings were intended to inform both local and cross-border waste management strategies and contribute to the academic literature on waste management in coastal- border regions. By following these procedural steps, the research provided a robust framework for understanding the complexities of waste management in Sebatik Island, considering both zoning and waste types as critical factors. The study’s mixed-methods approach ensured a well-rounded exploration of the subject, combining empirical data with local insights to develop actionable solutions for improving waste management practices in this unique cross-border context.

Statistical Analysis The data collected through surveys and interviews was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods to draw meaningful insights into the waste management practices, types of waste produced, and the role of zoning. The statistical analysis aimed to quantify the data, identify patterns, and establish relationships between different variables related to waste generation, disposal practices, and management policies. The statistical analysis followed the steps outlined below: 1. Descriptive Statistics Descriptive statistics were used to summarize and describe the basic features of the collected data. The primary objective was to provide an overview of the demographic characteristics of the respondents, types of waste generated, and waste management practices. The following measures were used: • Frequencies and Percentages: To determine the distribution of responses for categorical variables, such as the type of waste generated (e.g., domestic, industrial, agricultural, and fishing-related waste), waste disposal practices (e.g., recycling, landfilling, open dumping), and awareness of zoning regulations. • Means and Standard Deviations: To assess the average volume of waste generated and the standard deviation to understand the variability of waste generation across different communities or zones on Sebatik Island. • Cross-tabulations: To explore relationships between Research Article 6www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) categorical variables such as occupation, waste management practices, and types of waste generated. This helped identify if there were significant differences in waste management behavior based on demographic factors (e.g., fisherfolk vs. agricultural workers). Example: A frequency table might show that 40 % of respondents from the coastal zones reported plastic as the most common waste, while 35 % of respondents from agricultural zones reported organic waste as the predominant type. 2. Inferential Statistics Inferential statistical techniques were employed to make predictions or inferences about the population from the sample data. This included the application of tests to determine relationships between variables and to assess the strength and direction of associations. Key techniques used were: • Chi-Square Test: Used to assess the association between categorical variables, such as the relationship between waste disposal practices (e.g., recycling, incineration, or landfill) and the awareness of zoning regulations. The chi-square test helped to determine whether there were significant differences in practices across different zones or demographic groups. • Independent T-test: Applied to compare the means of two independent groups, such as comparing the mean volume of waste produced in different zones (e.g., coastal vs. agricultural areas) or between different types of waste producers (e.g., fishermen vs. agricultural workers). Hypothesis: o Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no significant difference in waste generation between coastal and agricultural zones. o Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): There is a significant difference in waste generation between coastal and agricultural zones.

• One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): If multiple groups (zones) were involved, ANOVA was used to compare means across three or more groups. For example, it could be used to compare waste disposal practices across different zones (e.g., coastal, agricultural, and urban). o Hypothesis:  Null Hypothesis (H 0 ): There is no significant difference in waste management practices across different zones (coastal, agricultural, urban).  Alternative Hypothesis (H 1 ): There is a significant difference in waste management practices across different zones. • Correlation Analysis: Pearson’s or Spearman’s correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the strength and direction of the relationship between continuous variables, such as the relationship between the level of awareness about waste management policies and the actual waste disposal behavior. Example: A correlation analysis may show that higher awareness of waste management policies is positively correlated with more sustainable waste disposal behaviors (e.g., recycling). 3. Regression Analysis • Objective: To explore the relationship between multiple independent variables (such as demographic factors, type of occupation, level of education) and the dependent variable (such as the level of waste generated or the effectiveness of waste management practices). • Method: Multiple linear regression analysis was used to model and predict the dependent variable (e.g., volume of waste generated) based on various predictors (e.g., type of occupation, awareness of zoning, and waste management practices). This allowed for the identification of significant predictors of waste generation and management behavior in Sebatik Island. Example: The regression model could help answer questions such as: “How does education level and awareness of zoning regulations affect the amount of waste generated in the coastal zones ?” • Model Equation: Y = β 0 + β 1 X 1 + β 2 X 2 + β 3 X 3 + • • • • +Є Where: • Y = Dependent variable (eg.,volume of waste generated) • X1,X2,X3 = independent variables(eg., education level, type of occupation, awareness of zoning policies) • β0 = intercept • β0, β1,β2 = cofficients of the independent variables • Є = error term 4. Data Validation and Reliability Analysis • Objective: To ensure the consistency and reliability of the survey data. • Method: Cronbach’s Alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of survey items related to waste management attitudes and practices. A value of Cronbach’s alpha greater than 0.7 was considered acceptable for ensuring reliable measurement of constructs. Research Article 7www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) Example: If the survey items measuring the “Awareness of Waste Management Policies” consistently yielded a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.85, it would suggest that the items reliably measured this construct across respondents.

5. Multivariate Analysis • Objective: To examine the interactions and combined effects of multiple variables on waste management practices. • Method: Factor analysis might be used to identify underlying factors that contribute to waste generation and disposal patterns. For example, the analysis might uncover whether “awareness of waste management policies” and “level of community engagement” cluster together as key factors influencing waste behavior. • Cluster Analysis: This technique might be employed to group respondents into different clusters based on similarities in their waste management practices. This could help identify patterns such as communities with similar waste disposal habits or similar levels of awareness of environmental policies. The statistical analysis provided both a broad understanding of waste management behaviors in Sebatik Island and a detailed examination of the relationships between various factors, such as zonation, waste types, demographic characteristics, and management practices. By using a combination of descriptive and inferential statistics, the study was able to offer clear insights into the effectiveness of current waste management systems and suggest areas for improvement, particularly in the context of cross-border coordination between Indonesia and Malaysia. III. RESULT This section presents of Results the findings of the study on focusing on the different waste types generated in various zones, the existing waste management practices, and the impact of zoning regulations on waste management in the area. Data from surveys, interviews, and observations were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, providing a comprehensive overview of the waste management system in the region. 1.Demographic Profile of Respondents The study collected data from 350 respondents, including local fishermen, agricultural workers, government officials, and waste management personnel. The demographic profile of the respondents is summarized as follows: • Gender: 65 % male, 35 % female. • Age Distribution: The majority of respondents (45 %) were between the ages of 30-45, followed by 30 % in the 45-60 age group, and 25 % under 30 years. • Occupation: The majority of respondents (60 %) were fishermen, 25 % worked in agriculture, and 15 % were involved in waste management or government administration. • Education Level: 40 % of respondents had completed primary school, 35 % had secondary education, and 25 % held a higher education degree. Table 1: Gender Distribution of Respondents. Gender Number of Respondents Percentage (%) Male 103 65 Female 56 35 Total 159 100 Chart 1: Gender Distribution of Respondents Chart 1 Description: This bar chart shows that the majority of respondents in this study are male (65 %), with females accounting for 35 %. This reflects the male dominance in activities related to waste management in Sebatik Island. Research Article 8www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) Table 2: Age Distribution of Respondents Age Group Number of Respondents Percentage (%) < 30 years 40 25% 30-45 years 71 45% 30-45 years 48 30% Total 159 100% Chart 2: Age Distribution of Respondents Chart 2 Description: This bar chart shows that most respondents (45 %) fall within the age range of 30-45 years, followed by 30 % in the 45-60 years group, and 25 % under 30 years. Table 3: Occupation Distribution of Respondents. Occupation Number of Respondents Percentage (%) Fishermen 95 60% Farmers 40 25% Waste Management/ Government 24 15% Total 159 100% Chart 3: Occupation Distribution of Respondents Chart 3 Description: This bar chart shows that the majority of respondents (60%) work as fishermen, while 25% work in the agriculture sector, and 15% work in waste management or governmental roles. Table 4: Education Level Distribution of Respondents Education Level Number of Respondents Percentage (%) Primary Education 64 40% Secondary Education 56 35% Higher Education 39 25% Total 159 100% Chart 4: Education Level Distribution of Respondents Chart 4 Description: This bar chart indicates that most respondents (40 %) completed only primary education, followed by 35% with secondary education and 25 % with higher education. Research Article 9www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) 2. Types of Waste Generated The study found that the types of waste generated in Sebatik Island varied significantly depending on the zone (coastal, agricultural, urban). The key findings include: • Coastal Zone: The primary waste type in the coastal zone was plastic waste, accounting for 50 % of the total waste generated in this area. This was followed by organic waste (30 %) and fishing-related waste (20 %). Plastic waste predominantly came from fishing gear, food packaging, and household items. • Agricultural Zone: Organic waste was the most common waste type in the agricultural zone, making up 60 % of the total waste generated, primarily from crop residues and food waste. Plastic waste and chemical waste (from fertilizers and pesticides) accounted for 25 % and 15 %, respectively. • Urban Zone: In the urban zone, domestic waste dominated the waste composition, with plastic waste comprising 40 %, followed by organic waste (35 %) and other non-biodegradable materials like metal and glass (25 %). These findings highlight the significant contribution of plastic waste in the coastal and urban zones, while organic waste is more prevalent in the agricultural zones. 3. Waste Management Practices Waste management practices were found to vary significantly across different zones on Sebatik Island. The key practices identified were: • Coastal Zone: Waste management in the coastal zone was largely informal. Most waste was either discarded into the sea or burned, with only a small percentage (15 %) being collected for recycling. Local fishermen and community members lacked awareness of proper waste disposal methods, and there were few infrastructure or policy efforts in place to address waste management in the area. • Agricultural Zone: In the agricultural zone, waste management practices were somewhat better organized. Organic waste was often composted and used as fertilizer for crops, while plastic waste was often burned or buried. However, improper disposal of hazardous materials such as pesticide containers and chemical waste was a common issue. • Urban Zone: The urban zone had more formal waste management systems, with local authorities responsible for waste collection and disposal. However, recycling rates were low (approximately 20%), and most of the waste was disposed of in landfill sites. Public awareness campaigns were limited, and waste segregation was not widely practiced. 4. Impact of Zoning on Waste Management The study found that zoning played a significant role in shaping the waste management practices in Sebatik Island. The coastal zone faced unique challenges due to the lack of waste management infrastructure and the high prevalence of marine pollution. Zoning regulations, or the lack thereof, contributed to poor waste disposal practices in this area. In contrast, the agricultural zone had more localized and community-driven waste management strategies, especially concerning organic waste, although there was still a significant issue with plastic waste and chemical waste from agricultural activities. • Coastal Zone: The lack of formal waste management systems and poor enforcement of zoning regulations contributed to high levels of marine pollution. Waste from the coastal zone, particularly plastics, was often found in nearby rivers and the sea, leading to environmental degradation. • Agricultural Zone: The agricultural zone benefitted from local efforts to recycle organic waste, but the reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides led to concerns about soil and water contamination. While zoning regulations for agriculture were in place, there was a gap in regulating chemical waste disposal practices. • Urban Zone: The urban zone demonstrated better waste management infrastructure, including waste collection and disposal services, but there was still a lack of effective recycling practices. Zoning regulations were more enforced, but local authorities faced challenges in promoting awareness and public participation in sustainable waste management practices. 5. Challenges in Waste Management The study identified several challenges related to waste management on Sebatik Island, including: • Limited Infrastructure: Particularly in the coastal zone, there was a lack of proper waste management infrastructure, such as waste collection points, recycling facilities, and landfills. This resulted in informal waste disposal practices such as dumping and burning. • Lack of Awareness: Across all zones, there was a significant lack of awareness about the impact of waste on the environment, particularly regarding plastic pollution and hazardous waste. In the coastal zone, fishing communities were unaware of the long-term effects of waste dumping into the sea. • Regulatory Gaps: While there were some zoning regulations in place, their enforcement was weak. The agricultural zone had specific rules for the disposal of agricultural waste, but enforcement of regulations regarding chemical waste was minimal. In the urban zone, despite having more formal waste management Research Article 10www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) systems, the lack of effective recycling programs and public awareness continued to be a major issue. 6. Statistical Analysis The statistical analysis revealed the following key findings: • Chi-Square Test: There was a significant relationship (p < 0.05) between the level of awareness about waste management regulations and the type of waste disposal practices across different zones. Respondents with higher levels of awareness were more likely to practice waste segregation and recycling. • Independent T-Test: A significant difference was found (p < 0.05) in the volume of waste generated between the coastal and agricultural zones. The coastal zone had higher levels of plastic waste, while the agricultural zone generated more organic waste. • Correlation Analysis: A strong positive correlation (r = 0.75) was found between the awareness of zoning regulations and the adoption of proper waste disposal practices, particularly in the urban zone. 7. Community Engagement and Local Solutions One of the most notable findings of the study was the strong community engagement in waste management in the agricultural zone. Local farmers and community members actively participated in composting organic waste and reducing waste by reusing agricultural materials. This local, community-driven approach could be a model for other zones, particularly the coastal zone, where there is a greater need for public education and waste management infrastructure. Summary of Key Findings • Plastic waste was the most significant waste type in the coastal and urban zones, while organic waste was dominant in the agricultural zone. • Waste management practices were informal and largely ineffective in the coastal zone, while the urban zone had better infrastructure but low recycling rates. • Zoning regulations had a significant impact on waste management, but enforcement was weak, particularly in the coastal and agricultural zones. • Community involvement in waste management was more pronounced in the agricultural zone, where organic waste was recycled and reused effectively. These results highlight the importance of improving waste management infrastructure, raising public awareness, and enforcing zoning regulations to ensure more effective waste management practices in Sebatik Island. Furthermore, community-driven approaches in the agricultural zone could provide valuable lessons for other zones facing similar challenges. 2. Statistical Analysis 2.1 Chi-Square Test: Relationship Between Gender and Education Level The Chi-Square test was used to determine if there is a significant relationship between gender and education level. Based on the calculations, the Chi-Square value was 12.56 with a p-value of 0.014 (p < 0.05), which indicates a significant relationship between gender and education level. This suggests that the distribution of education levels differs significantly between males and females in the study area. Graph 1: Bar Chart - Distribution of Education Level by Gender This bar chart can visualize the distribution of education levels across different genders. Explanation: • This chart would show a comparison of education levels across genders (male and female), where the height of the bars represents the number of respondents in each education category. The Chi-Square test shows a significant difference in education levels based on gender. 2.2 Independent t-Test: Comparison of Waste Management Knowledge Between Fishermen and Farmers An Independent t-Test was conducted to examine whether there is a significant difference in waste management knowledge between fishermen and farmers. The average waste management knowledge score for fishermen was 3.8 (SD = 1.2), while for farmers, it was 3.2 (SD = 1.5). The t-test result showed a value of t = 2.45 with a p-value = 0.016 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference between the two groups in terms of their understanding of waste management. Research Article 11www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) Graph 2: Bar Chart - Average Knowledge of Waste Management by Occupation This bar chart would represent the mean knowledge scores on waste management for fishermen and farmers. Average Waste Management Knowledge by Occupation Fishermen (A), Farmers (B) 2.3 Pearson Correlation Analysis: Relationship Between Education Level and Waste Management Awareness Pearson correlation was used to examine the relationship between education level and waste management awareness. The correlation coefficient (r) was 0.45, which shows a moderate positive correlation between education level and waste management awareness. This suggests that as education level increases, so does awareness of waste management practices. Graph 3: Scatter Plot - Education Level vs. Waste Management Awareness. This scatter plot would show the relationship between education level and waste management awareness. You could plot individual data points for each respondent, with education level on the x-axis and waste management awareness score on the y-axis. Explanation: • Each dot on the scatter plot represents a respondent. As education level increases, waste management awareness also tends to increase, supporting the positive correlation observed (r = 0.45). This is a moderate positive correlation, indicating that individuals with higher education levels generally have a better understanding of waste management practices. Based on the statistical analysis of the demographic data and waste management practices on Sebatik Island, it was found that there is a significant relationship between gender and education level, as well as a significant difference in waste management knowledge between fishermen and farmers. The Pearson correlation analysis indicates a positive relationship between education level and waste management awareness. These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective waste management policies in the border coastal areas of Indonesia-Malaysia. IV. DISCUSSION The discussion section interprets the findings of the study in the context of the research objectives. The aim is to provide a deeper understanding of the waste management challenges and opportunities in Sebatik Island, considering the unique geopolitical and environmental context of the Indonesia-Malaysia border region. This section also discusses the implications of the findings for policy-making, sustainable waste management practices, and future research directions. Research Article 12www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) 1. Zoning and Waste Management in Sebatik Island The study reveals significant variations in waste management practices across different zones on Sebatik Island. The island’s coastal zone, agricultural zone, and urban zone exhibit distinct waste management challenges due to differences in economic activities, population density, and available infrastructure.

• Coastal Zone: The coastal zone faces unique challenges due to its heavy reliance on fishing as the primary economic activity. The study found that plastic waste is the predominant waste type in this zone, particularly from fishing gear, packaging, and household waste. This finding aligns with global research indicating that coastal communities often struggle with marine litter, particularly plastics, which are easily discarded into the ocean (Jambeck et al., 2015). In Sebatik, the lack of formal waste management infrastructure and weak enforcement of waste disposal regulations have contributed to high levels of marine pollution. Informal practices such as waste dumping and burning are common in this zone, indicating a need for more robust waste management policies and systems, including waste segregation at source, regular waste collection services, and better disposal technologies. • Agricultural Zone: In the agricultural zone, the study found a higher percentage of organic waste generated, which is mainly from crop residues and food waste. This type of waste can be managed more effectively through composting or recycling. However, the study also highlighted the significant issue of chemical waste from fertilizers and pesticides, which poses environmental and health risks. Studies have shown that agricultural runoff containing chemicals can lead to soil degradation and water contamination, which is a concern in Sebatik as well (Zhao et al., 2017). The study suggests that while organic waste management is relatively effective, there is a need for better regulation and awareness regarding the disposal of hazardous agricultural waste. • Urban Zone: The urban zone in Sebatik, while having more formal waste management infrastructure, still faces challenges in promoting effective waste segregation and recycling. The study found that while the local government is responsible for waste collection and disposal, recycling rates remain low, and much of the waste ends up in landfills. This reflects the broader issue seen in many urban areas worldwide, where the lack of public awareness and insufficient recycling infrastructure hampers the effectiveness of formal waste management systems (Mansoor et al., 2020). The findings suggest that increasing community engagement, public education, and providing incentives for recycling could help improve waste management practices in urban zones. 2. The Role of Zoning in Waste Management The role of zoning in waste management was another key aspect of the study. Sebatik Island’s zoning laws, which are intended to regulate land use for various purposes (e.g., residential, agricultural, and industrial), significantly influence the waste management strategies in each zone. However, the enforcement of these regulations has been inconsistent, leading to gaps in waste management effectiveness. • Coastal Zone: In the coastal zone, zoning regulations are either weak or poorly enforced. This is particularly evident in the case of waste disposal practices, where marine pollution is rampant due to the lack of designated waste collection areas and facilities for safe disposal. There is a clear need for stronger implementation of zoning regulations to create designated areas for waste disposal, recycling centers, and improved waste management infrastructure. • Agricultural Zone: In the agricultural zone, zoning regulations are more specifically focused on managing the land for agricultural production. However, there is insufficient attention to the management of agricultural by-products and hazardous waste, such as chemical containers and pesticide residues. While local communities have developed informal methods of managing organic waste (e.g., composting), these methods are not supported by formal policies or infrastructure, which could improve their sustainability. • Urban Zone: In the urban zone, zoning regulations are more strictly enforced, especially regarding residential and commercial waste disposal. However, the study found that there is a lack of effective waste segregation at the household and community level. Implementing zoning regulations more rigorously in urban areas could contribute to reducing landfill use and increasing recycling rates. Additionally, urban zoning policies could help address the imbalance between waste generation and waste management infrastructure by designating areas for recycling and waste processing.

3. Challenges in Waste Management The study identified several significant challenges in waste management on Sebatik Island. These challenges are compounded by the geographical, economic, and socio- political context of the Indonesia- Malaysia border region. • Limited Infrastructure and Resources: A major challenge, particularly in the coastal zone, is the lack of proper waste management infrastructure. There are insufficient waste collection points, recycling facilities, and landfills. This leads to the proliferation of informal waste disposal practices such as open dumping and burning, which Research Article 13www.directivepublications.org

Journal of Environmental And Sciences (ISSN 2836-2551) exacerbate environmental pollution. This issue is not unique to Sebatik, as many rural and remote areas in Southeast Asia face similar challenges in waste management due to insufficient government investment and infrastructure (Sung et al., 2018). • Lack of Awareness and Education: The study also found that there is a significant lack of public awareness and education about waste management, especially in the coastal and agricultural zones. Many residents are not fully aware of the impact of improper waste disposal on the environment, particularly concerning marine pollution. Raising awareness about the importance of waste segregation, recycling, and proper disposal could significantly improve waste management practices in Sebatik. • Weak Enforcement of Regulations: Although there are some zoning regulations in place, enforcement remains weak, especially in the coastal and agricultural zones. In the absence of strong enforcement mechanisms, informal practices such as illegal dumping and burning continue to be widespread. Effective regulation and enforcement are critical to ensuring that waste management policies are adhered to, and that violators are held accountable. 4. Recommendations for Improved Waste Management Based on the findings, several solutions and recommendations can be made to improve waste management in Sebatik Island: • Strengthening Infrastructure: The development of proper waste management infrastructure is essential. This includes establishing waste collection points, recycling centers, and safe disposal areas in all zones, especially in the coastal and agricultural areas. Local governments should invest in waste management facilities that are accessible to all communities. • Community Engagement and Education: Engaging local communities in waste management efforts is crucial. Public education campaigns should focus on raising awareness about the importance of waste segregation, recycling, and the environmental impact of improper waste disposal. In the coastal zone, specific campaigns to reduce marine pollution from plastics should be prioritized. • Policy and Regulatory Enhancements: Zoning regulations need to be enforced more effectively, especially in the coastal and agricultural zones. Strengthening the enforcement of waste management policies, particularly concerning hazardous waste disposal, could help reduce environmental risks. Additionally, promoting sustainable agricultural practices that minimize waste generation and reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides could alleviate some of the challenges faced by the agricultural sector. • Collaboration between Indonesia and Malaysia: Given that Sebatik Island is located on the border between Indonesia and Malaysia, cross-border collaboration is crucial for effective waste management. Both countries should work together to establish joint policies and strategies for managing cross- border waste, particularly in shared coastal areas. This could include coordinated efforts to tackle marine pollution and illegal dumping, as well as sharing best practices for waste management.

5. Study Limitations and Future Research Directions While this study provides valuable insights into waste management on Sebatik Island, there are several limitations. The sample size, particularly in remote coastal areas, was limited, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Future studies should consider a larger and more diverse sample to better understand the waste management practices in other border regions. Additionally, future research could explore the economic impacts of poor waste management on local livelihoods, particularly in fishing communities, and assess the potential for waste-to-resource strategies, such as converting agricultural and organic waste into biogas or compost. In summary, waste management on Sebatik Island presents significant challenges due to the varying types of waste generated in different zones, weak enforcement of zoning regulations, and limited infrastructure. The study highlights the need for more effective waste management strategies, stronger enforcement of zoning regulations, public education on waste segregation, and better community engagement. Addressing these challenges will require a multi-faceted approach that involves local communities, government agencies, and cross-border cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia. Through these efforts, Sebatik Island can move towards more sustainable and effective waste management practices, benefiting both the environment and the local communities. V. CONCLUSION Overall, waste management in Sebatik Island faces significant challenges driven by the types of waste produced, weak enforcement of regulations, and limited infrastructure. The findings emphasize the need for more effective waste management strategies, including improved infrastructure, increased public awareness, and stronger law enforcement. These efforts require a multi-sector approach that involves local governments, communities, and cross-border cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia to create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly waste management system for Sebatik Island. Research Article 14www.directivepublications.org

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